Abstract Although communication capabilities are displayed by many vertebrate groups, some repertoires are poorly known, such as the case of xenarthrans, particularly armadillos, for which vocalization as a source of communicating to others remains poorly understood and relies on punctual reports of sounds. Here we provide the first description of a behavioral response associated with sound emission of two subjects of Dasypus novemcinctus. Both audio and visual registration was performed to subsequent analyses of expressed behaviors and emitted calls, which accounted for 76 vocalizations from a total of eight video recordings randomly collected from 2017 to 2019. Sound is acoustically characterized by both inhale and exhale phases composed of two vocal units, and no harmonic structure was observed. Once the subjects have always produced these vocalizations while cornered and exhibiting defensive behavior against another subject/human disturbance, these vocalizations were termed as distress. Subjects produced a hiss-purr-like sound while trying to avoid contact with another by bowing or lowering their bodies, humping, or even moving elsewhere when sound production ceased. This shows that the sound repertoire of armadillos is still to be unveiled and seems to be much more complex than previously thought.

Abstract Diagnostic characters from 227 pterosaur species were listed, separated into cranial or post-cranial elements and counted. From 21 post-cranial and 23 cranial elements, most diagnostic characters were related to phalanges (15%) and rostrum. Post-cranial characters comprise 44.23%, and cranial characters 55.77% of all characters used in pterosaur diagnoses. The highest correlation between diagnostic features occurs between the coracoid and the scapula. 25.11% and 28.63% of sampled taxa were diagnosed with 3-4 and 5-6 characters, respectively. The mean number of 6.79 characters was found in specimens with both cranial and post-cranial elements, and 4.86 and 4.17 in those with just cranial or post-cranial elements, respectively. 31 from 227 species (13.7%) were erected based on single elements, which are most frequently complete or partial mandibles (n=18). We estimate that 23.4% of the total pterosaur genera are currently known, with 90% of this diversity to be unveiled up to 2145. As the requirements of broad and cautious revision of genus/group must be undertaken, and some deposits will provide mostly fragmented and incomplete material, the assignment of fairly incomplete specimens to the most inclusive taxonomic level is feasible. Tracing this scenario can guide future works on the description of new pterosaur taxa.

Abstract The frog clade Neobatrachia or “advanced frogs” represents more than 95% of the diversity within Anura. The neobatrachian fossil record is incomplete due to the small size and fragile nature of their bones but provides some clues on the time and rate of the current diversification of modern-day amphibians. The Crato Formation (Aptian) of northeastern Brazil is known for the presence of, at least, five species of neobatrachian fossils. Herein, we describe a well-preserved fossil that represents a new neobatrachian taxon from the Crato Formation (Cretaceous) in the Araripe Basin, northeastern Brazil, and perform phylogenetic analysis to assess its higher-level relationships. The new specimen is an almost complete and articulated skeleton with soft tissue preservation. Phylogenetic analysis recovered the specimen nested in the clade Hyloidea and our results highlight the remarkable value of the Crato Formation as a Laggerstätte.

Este texto discute dos modelos según los cuales la soberanía de los Estados ha sido entendida: el "modelo de Vestefália" y el "modelo de Carta". Los dos modelos son presentados como tipos - ideales, dicotómicos. Después de en una primera parte, describir sumariamente los orígenes históricos de estos dos modelos y enunciar los principales aspectos de su diferenciación, el articulo cuestiona enseguida las ventajas del "modelo Carta" sobre el "modelo Vestefália". En el final, además, se esboza una crítica de la propia dicotomía, sugiriéndose que, más que una ruptura, hay aspectos de continuidad entre el modelo Vestefália y la globalización contemporánea.

Este texto discute dois modelos segundo os quais a soberania dos estados tem sido entendida: o "modelo de Vestefália" e o "modelo da Carta". Os dois modelos são apresentados como tipos-ideais, dicotómicos. Depois de, numa primeira parte, descrever sumariamente as origens históricas destes dois modelos e enunciar os aspectos principais da sua diferenciação, o artigo questiona em seguida as vantagens do "modelo da Carta" sobre o "modelo de Vestefália". Numa parte final, porém, esboça-se uma crítica da própria dicotomia, sugerindo que, mais do que uma ruptura, há aspectos de continuidade entre o "modelo de Vestefália" e a globalização contemporânea.

Ce texte débat de deux modèles utilisés pour interpréter la souveraineté des États: le "modèle de Westphalie" et le "modèle de la Charte". Ces deux modèles sont présentés comme des types-idéaux dichotomiques. Après une première partie qui rappelle les origines historiques de ces deux modèles et énonce les principaux aspects qui les distinguent, l’article s’interroge sur les avantages du "modèle de la Charte" par rapport au "modèle de Westphalie". Cependant, dans la dernière partie, il ébauche une critique de la propre dichotomie, en suggérant que, plus qu’une rupture, il y a des aspects de continuité entre le "modèle de Westphalie" et la mondialisation contemporaine.

The article discusses two models that have been used to define state sovereignty - the "Westphalian model" and the "Charter model". Both models are dichotomic ideal-types. The article briefly describes their historical origins and the main differences between them, before going on to question some of the advantages which the Charter model is alleged to possess in relation to its Westphalian counterpart. However, in the final part of the article, the author outlines a critique of the dichotomy itself, suggesting that there are some striking continuities between the "Westphalian model" and today’s globalisation process.